U.S. retail sales drop in May after a tariff-fueled surge

U.S. retail sales dropped more than expected in May, weighed down by a decline in motor vehicle purchases as a rush to beat potential tariff-related price hikes ebbed, but consumer spending remains supported by solid wage growth for now.

The largest decline in sales in four months reported by the Commerce Department on Tuesday added to moderate job growth last month in suggesting that domestic demand was softening. That was reinforced by other data showing production at factories, outside motor vehicle assembly, decreased in May.

President Donald Trump’s aggressive and often shifting tariff position has heightened economic uncertainty, making it difficult for businesses to plan ahead. Federal Reserve officials meeting on Tuesday and Wednesday are expected to leave the U.S. central bank’s benchmark overnight interest rate unchanged in the 4.25%–4.50% range while monitoring the fallout from the import duties and rising tensions in the Middle East.

“Tariff announcements have had a clear impact on the timing of large-ticket purchases, notably autos, but there are few signs yet that tariffs are leading to a general pullback in consumer spending,” said Michael Pearce, deputy chief economist at Oxford Economics. “We expect a more marked slowdown to take hold in the second half of the year, as tariffs begin to weigh on real disposable incomes.”

Retail sales fell 0.9% last month, the largest decrease since January, after a downwardly revised 0.1% dip in April, the Commerce Department’s Census Bureau said. The second straight monthly decline unwound the bulk of the tariff-driven surge in March. Economists polled by Reuters had forecast retail sales, which are mostly goods and are not adjusted for inflation, decreasing 0.7% after a previously reported 0.1% gain in April.

They increased 3.3% year-on-year in May.

Sales last month were also held down by lower receipts at service stations because of cheaper gasoline as the White House’s protectionist trade policy has raised fears over global growth, restraining oil prices. But hostilities between Israel and Iran have boosted oil prices. A 25% duty on imported motor vehicles and trucks came into effect in April. Unseasonably cooler weather likely also hurt sales.

Receipts at auto and parts dealerships tumbled 3.5%. Sales at building material and garden equipment and supplies dealers dropped 2.7%. Receipts at service stations fell 2.0%, while those at electronics and appliance stores slipped 0.6%.

Sales at food services and drinking places, the only services component in the report, declined 0.9%. Economists view dining out as a key indicator of household finances.

But online sales jumped 0.9%, while those at clothing retailers increased 0.8%. Furniture store sales soared 1.2%. Sporting goods, hobby, musical instrument and book store sales advanced 1.3%.

Retail sales excluding automobiles, gasoline, building materials and food services increased 0.4% in May after an upwardly revised 0.1% fall in April.

These so-called core retail sales, which correspond most closely with the consumer spending component of gross domestic product, were previously reported to have dropped 0.2% in April.

Downside risks mounting

Economists estimated that growth in consumer spending, which accounts for more than two-thirds of economic activity, was so far this quarter tracking at least a 2.0% annualized rate after slowing to a 1.2% pace in the first quarter.

The Atlanta Fed is forecasting GDP rebounding at a 3.5% annualized rate in the second quarter. The anticipated surge will largely reflect a reversal in imports, which have fallen sharply as the frontloading of goods fizzled. The economy contracted at a 0.2% pace in the January–March quarter.

Downside risks to consumer spending are, however, rising. The labor market is slowing, student loan repayments have resumed for millions of Americans and household wealth has been eroded amid tariff-induced stock market volatility. Economic uncertainty could lead to precautionary saving.

“The outlook for consumer spending is cloudy,” said Bill Adams, chief economist at Comerica Bank.

Stocks on Wall Street fell. The dollar rose against a basket of currencies. U.S. Treasury yields fell.

Economists said retailers likely offered discounts last month, adding that could explain part of the benign consumer price data in May. They, however, expected price pressures to build up in the month ahead.

That thesis was supported by a separate report from the Labor Department’s Bureau of Labor Statistics showing import prices, excluding fuels and food, increased 0.4% in May after advancing 0.5% in April. In the 12 months through May, the so-called core import prices increased 1.3%.

Core import prices are being driven by dollar weakness, with the greenback down about 6.2% this year on a trade-weighted basis. Trump’s aggressive trade posture has shaken investors’ confidence in the dollar, eroding the appeal of U.S. assets.

“This is another sign that inflation will pick up this summer and into the fall as prices start to reflect the higher costs for goods from enacted tariffs,” said Ben Ayers, senior economist at Nationwide.

A third report from the Fed showed manufacturing output edged up 0.1% in May, lifted by a 4.9% jump in motor vehicle and 1.1% rise in aerospace and miscellaneous transportation equipment production. That followed a 0.5% decline in April.

But excluding motor vehicles, factory output fell 0.3% amid declines in fabricated metal products, machinery and nonmetallic mineral products. There was also a steep decrease in energy nondurable consumer goods production.

Manufacturing, which accounts for 10.2% of the economy, relies heavily on imported raw materials.

Trump has defended the duties as necessary to revive a long-declining U.S. industrial base, but economists say that cannot be accomplished in a short period of time, citing high production and labor costs as among the challenges.

“Continued uncertainty around where trade policy will ultimately land is preventing many businesses from taking on new capital expenditures, unsure of the policy and underlying demand environment,” said Shannon Grein, an economist at Wells Fargo. “We expect manufacturing to continue to tread water in the months ahead.”

—Lucia Mutikani, Reuters